Universal Dimensions of Individuals' Perception: Revisiting the Operationalization of Warmth and Competence with a Mixed-Method Approach

Georgios Halkias*, Adamantios Diamantopoulos*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articleResearchpeer-review

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Abstract

A dynamic and growing body of marketing literature draws from the Stereotype Content Model's (SCM) dimensions, warmth and competence, to describe individuals' perception of various market-related stimuli (e.g., salespeople, employees, products) and predict their influence on subsequent behavior. However, the operationalization of these fundamental dimensions in empirical marketing research has been inconsistent and problematic, hindering comparability of findings across studies and limiting the overall usefulness of warmth–competence in relevant research. Using a mixed-method approach, the present paper scrutinizes the warmth–competence dimensions in order to validate and optimize their measurement. Through seven studies using different methodologies and metrics, we identify a set of trait items that (a) capture perceptions of warmth and competence consistently across a variety of impression formation settings, and (b) display strong psychometric properties. Our findings offer a parsimonious approach that promotes the consistent operationalization of warmth and competence across marketing studies and enables the integration of empirical findings, both of which are crucial requirements for meta-analytic investigations, replication studies, and integrative reviews.
Original languageEnglish
JournalInternational Journal of Research in Marketing
Volume37
Issue number4
Pages (from-to)714-736
Number of pages23
ISSN0167-8116
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Dec 2020
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • Warmth
  • Competence
  • Stereotype content model
  • Construct measurement

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