On the Trajectory of Discrimination: A Meta-analysis and Forecasting Survey Capturing 44 Years of Field Experiments on Gender and Hiring Decisions

Michael Schaerer*, Christilene du Plessis*, My Hoang Bao Nguyen, Robbie C.M. van Aert, Leo Tiokhin, Daniël Lakens, Elena Giulia Clemente, Thomas Pfeiffer, Anna Dreber, Magnus Johannesson, Cory J. Clark, Gender Audits Forecasting Collaboration, Georgios Halkias, Eric Luis Uhlmann

*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

A preregistered meta-analysis, including 244 effect sizes from 85 field audits and 361,645 individual job applications, tested for gender bias in hiring practices in female-stereotypical and gender-balanced as well as male-stereotypical jobs from 1976 to 2020. A “red team” of independent experts was recruited to increase the rigor and robustness of our meta-analytic approach. A forecasting survey further examined whether laypeople (n = 499 nationally representative adults) and scientists (n = 312) could predict the results. Forecasters correctly anticipated reductions in discrimination against female candidates over time. However, both scientists and laypeople overestimated the continuation of bias against female candidates. Instead, selection bias in favor of male over female candidates was eliminated and, if anything, slightly reversed in sign starting in 2009 for mixed-gender and male-stereotypical jobs in our sample. Forecasters further failed to anticipate that discrimination against male candidates for stereotypically female jobs would remain stable across the decades.
Original languageEnglish
Article number104280
JournalOrganizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
Volume179
Number of pages26
ISSN0749-5978
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Nov 2023

Bibliographical note

Almost 200 people have contributed to this work. Only the cited authors and the CBS-affiliated researchers are listed here. See the full list of contributors via the DOI and the supplemental materials.

Keywords

  • Gender
  • Discrimination
  • Field experiments
  • Meta-analysis
  • Open science
  • Forecasting

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