Culture Specific and Cross-culturally Generalizable Implicit Leadership Theories: Are Attributes of Charismatic/transformational Leadership Universally Endorsed?

Deanne N. Den Hartog; Robert J. House; Paul J. Hanges; S. Antonio Ruiz-Quintanilla; Peter W. Dorfman; Babajide Samuel Adetoun; Ikhlas A. Abdalla; Ram N. Aditya; Hafid Agourram; Adebowale Akande; Bolanle Elizabeth Akande; Staffan Akerblom; Carlos Altschul; Eden Alvarez-Backus; Julian Andrews; Maria Eugenia Arias; Mirian Sofyan Arif; Neal M. Ashkanasy; Arben Asllani; Guiseppe Audia; Gyula Bakacsi; Helena Bendova; David Beveridge; Rabi S. Bhagat; Alejandro Blacutt; Jiming Bao; Domenico Bodega; Muzaffer Bodur; Simon Booth; Annie E. Booysen; Dimitrios Bourantas; Klas Brenk; Felix Brodbeck; Dale Everton Carl; Philippe Castel; Chieh-Chen Chang; Sandy Chau; Frenda Cheung; Jagdeep S. Chhokar; Jimmy Chiu; Peter Cosgriff; Ali Dastmalchian; Jose Augusto Dela Coleta; Marilia Ferreira Dela Coleta; Marc Deneire; Markus Dickson; Gemma Donnelly-Cox; Christopher Earley; Mahmoud A.E. Elgamal; Miriam Erez; Sarah Falkus; Mark Fearing; Richard H. G. Field; Carol Fimmen; Michael Frese; Pingping Fu; Barbara Gorsler; Mikhail V. Gratchev; Vipin Gupta; Celia Gutierrez; Frans Marti Hartanto; Markus Hauser; Ingalill Holmberg; Marina Holtzer; Michael Hoppe; Jon P. Howell; Elena Ibrieva; John C. Ickis; Zakaria Ismail; Slawomir Jarmuz; Mansour Javidan; Jorge Correia Jesuino; Li Ji; Kuen-Yung Jone; Geoffrey Jones; Revaz Jorbenadse; Hayat Kabasakal; Mary Keating; Andrea Keller; Jeffrey C. Kennedy; Jay S. Kim; Giorgi Kipiani; Matthias Kipping; Edvard Konrad; Paul L. Koopman; Fuh-Yeong Kuan; Alexandre Kurc; Marie-Francoise Lacassagne; Sang M. Lee; Christopher Leeds; Francisco Leguizamon; Martin Lindell; Jean Lobell; Fred Luthans; Jerzy Maczynski; Norma Mansor; Gillian Martin; Michael Martin; Sandra M. Martinez; Aly Messallam; Cecilia McMillen; Emiko Misumi; Juji Misumi; Moudi al-Homoud; Phyllisis M. Ngin; Jeremiah O'Connell; Enrique Ogliastri; Nancy Papalexandris; T. K. Peng; Maria Marta Preziosa; Jose M. Prieto; Boris Rakitsky; Gerhard Reber; Nikolai Rogovsky; Joydeep Roy-Bhattacharya; Amir Rozen; Argio Sabadin; Majhoub Sahaba; Colombia Salom de Bustamante; Carmen Santana-Melgoza; Daniel Alan Sauers; Jette Schramm-Nielsen; Majken Schultz; Zuqi Shi; Camilla Sigfrids; Kye-Chung Song; Erna Szabo; Albert C. Teo; Henk Thierry; Jann Hidayat Tjakranegara; Sylvana Trimi; Anne S. Tsui; Pavakanum Ubolwanna; Marius W. van Wyk; Marie Vondrysova; Jürgen Weibler; Celeste Wilderom; Rongxian Wu; Rolf Wunderer; Nik Rahiman Nik Yakob; Yongkang Yang; Zuoqiu Yin; Michio Yoshida; Jian Zhou

doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1

Culture Specific and Cross-culturally Generalizable Implicit Leadership Theories: Are Attributes of Charismatic/transformational Leadership Universally Endorsed?

Deanne N. Den Hartog, Robert J. House, Paul J. Hanges, S. Antonio Ruiz-Quintanilla, Peter W. Dorfman, Babajide Samuel Adetoun, Ikhlas A. Abdalla, Ram N. Aditya, Hafid Agourram, Adebowale Akande, Bolanle Elizabeth Akande, Staffan Akerblom, Carlos Altschul, Eden Alvarez-Backus, Julian Andrews, Maria Eugenia Arias, Mirian Sofyan Arif, Neal M. Ashkanasy, Arben Asllani, Guiseppe AudiaGyula Bakacsi, Helena Bendova, David Beveridge, Rabi S. Bhagat, Alejandro Blacutt, Jiming Bao, Domenico Bodega, Muzaffer Bodur, Simon Booth, Annie E. Booysen, Dimitrios Bourantas, Klas Brenk, Felix Brodbeck, Dale Everton Carl, Philippe Castel, Chieh-Chen Chang, Sandy Chau, Frenda Cheung, Jagdeep S. Chhokar, Jimmy Chiu, Peter Cosgriff, Ali Dastmalchian, Jose Augusto Dela Coleta, Marilia Ferreira Dela Coleta, Marc Deneire, Markus Dickson, Gemma Donnelly-Cox, Christopher Earley, Mahmoud A.E. Elgamal, Miriam Erez, Sarah Falkus, Mark Fearing, Richard H. G. Field, Carol Fimmen, Michael Frese, Pingping Fu, Barbara Gorsler, Mikhail V. Gratchev, Vipin Gupta, Celia Gutierrez, Frans Marti Hartanto, Markus Hauser, Ingalill Holmberg, Marina Holtzer, Michael Hoppe, Jon P. Howell, Elena Ibrieva, John C. Ickis, Zakaria Ismail, Slawomir Jarmuz, Mansour Javidan, Jorge Correia Jesuino, Li Ji, Kuen-Yung Jone, Geoffrey Jones, Revaz Jorbenadse, Hayat Kabasakal, Mary Keating, Andrea Keller, Jeffrey C. Kennedy, Jay S. Kim, Giorgi Kipiani, Matthias Kipping, Edvard Konrad, Paul L. Koopman, Fuh-Yeong Kuan, Alexandre Kurc, Marie-Francoise Lacassagne, Sang M. Lee, Christopher Leeds, Francisco Leguizamon, Martin Lindell, Jean Lobell, Fred Luthans, Jerzy Maczynski, Norma Mansor, Gillian Martin, Michael Martin, Sandra M. Martinez, Aly Messallam, Cecilia McMillen, Emiko Misumi, Juji Misumi, Moudi al-Homoud, Phyllisis M. Ngin, Jeremiah O'Connell, Enrique Ogliastri, Nancy Papalexandris, T. K. Peng, Maria Marta Preziosa, Jose M. Prieto, Boris Rakitsky, Gerhard Reber, Nikolai Rogovsky, Joydeep Roy-Bhattacharya, Amir Rozen, Argio Sabadin, Majhoub Sahaba, Colombia Salom de Bustamante, Carmen Santana-Melgoza, Daniel Alan Sauers, Jette Schramm-Nielsen, Majken Schultz, Zuqi Shi, Camilla Sigfrids, Kye-Chung Song, Erna Szabo, Albert C. Teo, Henk Thierry, Jann Hidayat Tjakranegara, Sylvana Trimi, Anne S. Tsui, Pavakanum Ubolwanna, Marius W. van Wyk, Marie Vondrysova, Jürgen Weibler, Celeste Wilderom, Rongxian Wu, Rolf Wunderer, Nik Rahiman Nik Yakob, Yongkang Yang, Zuoqiu Yin, Michio Yoshida, Jian Zhou

Department of Organization

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Abstract

This study focuses on culturally endorsed implicit theories of leadership (CLTs). Although cross-cultural research emphasizes that different cultural groups likely have different conceptions of what leadership should entail, a controversial position is argued here: namely that attributes associated with charismatic/transformational leadership will be universally endorsed as contributing to outstanding leadership. This hypothesis was tested in 62 cultures as part of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Research Program. Universally endorsed leader attributes, as well as attributes that are universally seen as impediments to outstanding leadership and culturally contingent attributes are presented here. The results support the hypothesis that specific aspects of charismatic/transformational leadership are strongly and universally endorsed across cultures.

Original language	English
Journal	Leadership Quarterly
Volume	10
Issue number	2
Pages (from-to)	219-256
Number of pages	38
ISSN	1048-9843
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1
Publication status	Published - 1999

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Den Hartog, D. N., House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Adetoun, B. S., Abdalla, I. A., Aditya, R. N., Agourram, H., Akande, A., Akande, B. E., Akerblom, S., Altschul, C., Alvarez-Backus, E., Andrews, J., Arias, M. E., Arif, M. S., Ashkanasy, N. M., Asllani, A., ... Zhou, J. (1999). Culture Specific and Cross-culturally Generalizable Implicit Leadership Theories: Are Attributes of Charismatic/transformational Leadership Universally Endorsed? Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 219-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1

@article{740a9d90c02411db9769000ea68e967b,

title = "Culture Specific and Cross-culturally Generalizable Implicit Leadership Theories: Are Attributes of Charismatic/transformational Leadership Universally Endorsed?",

abstract = "This study focuses on culturally endorsed implicit theories of leadership (CLTs). Although cross-cultural research emphasizes that different cultural groups likely have different conceptions of what leadership should entail, a controversial position is argued here: namely that attributes associated with charismatic/transformational leadership will be universally endorsed as contributing to outstanding leadership. This hypothesis was tested in 62 cultures as part of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Research Program. Universally endorsed leader attributes, as well as attributes that are universally seen as impediments to outstanding leadership and culturally contingent attributes are presented here. The results support the hypothesis that specific aspects of charismatic/transformational leadership are strongly and universally endorsed across cultures.",

keywords = "Interkulturel ledelse, Europa, Kulturforskelle",

author = "{Den Hartog}, {Deanne N.} and House, {Robert J.} and Hanges, {Paul J.} and Ruiz-Quintanilla, {S. Antonio} and Dorfman, {Peter W.} and Adetoun, {Babajide Samuel} and Abdalla, {Ikhlas A.} and Aditya, {Ram N.} and Hafid Agourram and Adebowale Akande and Akande, {Bolanle Elizabeth} and Staffan Akerblom and Carlos Altschul and Eden Alvarez-Backus and Julian Andrews and Arias, {Maria Eugenia} and Arif, {Mirian Sofyan} and Ashkanasy, {Neal M.} and Arben Asllani and Guiseppe Audia and Gyula Bakacsi and Helena Bendova and David Beveridge and Bhagat, {Rabi S.} and Alejandro Blacutt and Jiming Bao and Domenico Bodega and Muzaffer Bodur and Simon Booth and Booysen, {Annie E.} and Dimitrios Bourantas and Klas Brenk and Felix Brodbeck and Carl, {Dale Everton} and Philippe Castel and Chieh-Chen Chang and Sandy Chau and Frenda Cheung and Chhokar, {Jagdeep S.} and Jimmy Chiu and Peter Cosgriff and Ali Dastmalchian and {Dela Coleta}, {Jose Augusto} and {Dela Coleta}, {Marilia Ferreira} and Marc Deneire and Markus Dickson and Gemma Donnelly-Cox and Christopher Earley and Elgamal, {Mahmoud A.E.} and Miriam Erez and Sarah Falkus and Mark Fearing and Field, {Richard H. G.} and Carol Fimmen and Michael Frese and Pingping Fu and Barbara Gorsler and Gratchev, {Mikhail V.} and Vipin Gupta and Celia Gutierrez and Hartanto, {Frans Marti} and Markus Hauser and Ingalill Holmberg and Marina Holtzer and Michael Hoppe and Howell, {Jon P.} and Elena Ibrieva and Ickis, {John C.} and Zakaria Ismail and Slawomir Jarmuz and Mansour Javidan and Jesuino, {Jorge Correia} and Li Ji and Kuen-Yung Jone and Geoffrey Jones and Revaz Jorbenadse and Hayat Kabasakal and Mary Keating and Andrea Keller and Kennedy, {Jeffrey C.} and Kim, {Jay S.} and Giorgi Kipiani and Matthias Kipping and Edvard Konrad and Koopman, {Paul L.} and Fuh-Yeong Kuan and Alexandre Kurc and Marie-Francoise Lacassagne and Lee, {Sang M.} and Christopher Leeds and Francisco Leguizamon and Martin Lindell and Jean Lobell and Fred Luthans and Jerzy Maczynski and Norma Mansor and Gillian Martin and Michael Martin and Martinez, {Sandra M.} and Aly Messallam and Cecilia McMillen and Emiko Misumi and Juji Misumi and Moudi al-Homoud and Ngin, {Phyllisis M.} and Jeremiah O'Connell and Enrique Ogliastri and Nancy Papalexandris and Peng, {T. K.} and Preziosa, {Maria Marta} and Prieto, {Jose M.} and Boris Rakitsky and Gerhard Reber and Nikolai Rogovsky and Joydeep Roy-Bhattacharya and Amir Rozen and Argio Sabadin and Majhoub Sahaba and {Salom de Bustamante}, Colombia and Carmen Santana-Melgoza and Sauers, {Daniel Alan} and Jette Schramm-Nielsen and Majken Schultz and Zuqi Shi and Camilla Sigfrids and Kye-Chung Song and Erna Szabo and Teo, {Albert C.} and Henk Thierry and Tjakranegara, {Jann Hidayat} and Sylvana Trimi and Tsui, {Anne S.} and Pavakanum Ubolwanna and {van Wyk}, {Marius W.} and Marie Vondrysova and J{\"u}rgen Weibler and Celeste Wilderom and Rongxian Wu and Rolf Wunderer and Yakob, {Nik Rahiman Nik} and Yongkang Yang and Zuoqiu Yin and Michio Yoshida and Jian Zhou",

note = "Opstilling: 434 cul L{\o}be nr.: 003942",

year = "1999",

doi = "10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1",

language = "English",

volume = "10",

pages = "219--256",

journal = "Leadership Quarterly",

issn = "1048-9843",

publisher = "Elsevier",

number = "2",

}

Den Hartog, DN, House, RJ, Hanges, PJ, Ruiz-Quintanilla, SA, Dorfman, PW, Adetoun, BS, Abdalla, IA, Aditya, RN, Agourram, H, Akande, A, Akande, BE, Akerblom, S, Altschul, C, Alvarez-Backus, E, Andrews, J, Arias, ME, Arif, MS, Ashkanasy, NM, Asllani, A, Audia, G, Bakacsi, G, Bendova, H, Beveridge, D, Bhagat, RS, Blacutt, A, Bao, J, Bodega, D, Bodur, M, Booth, S, Booysen, AE, Bourantas, D, Brenk, K, Brodbeck, F, Carl, DE, Castel, P, Chang, C-C, Chau, S, Cheung, F, Chhokar, JS, Chiu, J, Cosgriff, P, Dastmalchian, A, Dela Coleta, JA, Dela Coleta, MF, Deneire, M, Dickson, M, Donnelly-Cox, G, Earley, C, Elgamal, MAE, Erez, M, Falkus, S, Fearing, M, Field, RHG, Fimmen, C, Frese, M, Fu, P, Gorsler, B, Gratchev, MV, Gupta, V, Gutierrez, C, Hartanto, FM, Hauser, M, Holmberg, I, Holtzer, M, Hoppe, M, Howell, JP, Ibrieva, E, Ickis, JC, Ismail, Z, Jarmuz, S, Javidan, M, Jesuino, JC, Ji, L, Jone, K-Y, Jones, G, Jorbenadse, R, Kabasakal, H, Keating, M, Keller, A, Kennedy, JC, Kim, JS, Kipiani, G, Kipping, M, Konrad, E, Koopman, PL, Kuan, F-Y, Kurc, A, Lacassagne, M-F, Lee, SM, Leeds, C, Leguizamon, F, Lindell, M, Lobell, J, Luthans, F, Maczynski, J, Mansor, N, Martin, G, Martin, M, Martinez, SM, Messallam, A, McMillen, C, Misumi, E, Misumi, J, al-Homoud, M, Ngin, PM, O'Connell, J, Ogliastri, E, Papalexandris, N, Peng, TK, Preziosa, MM, Prieto, JM, Rakitsky, B, Reber, G, Rogovsky, N, Roy-Bhattacharya, J, Rozen, A, Sabadin, A, Sahaba, M, Salom de Bustamante, C, Santana-Melgoza, C, Sauers, DA, Schramm-Nielsen, J, Schultz, M, Shi, Z, Sigfrids, C, Song, K-C, Szabo, E, Teo, AC, Thierry, H, Tjakranegara, JH, Trimi, S, Tsui, AS, Ubolwanna, P, van Wyk, MW, Vondrysova, M, Weibler, J, Wilderom, C, Wu, R, Wunderer, R, Yakob, NRN, Yang, Y, Yin, Z, Yoshida, M & Zhou, J 1999, 'Culture Specific and Cross-culturally Generalizable Implicit Leadership Theories: Are Attributes of Charismatic/transformational Leadership Universally Endorsed?', Leadership Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 219-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1

Culture Specific and Cross-culturally Generalizable Implicit Leadership Theories: Are Attributes of Charismatic/transformational Leadership Universally Endorsed? / Den Hartog, Deanne N.; House, Robert J.; Hanges, Paul J. et al.
In: Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1999, p. 219-256.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Culture Specific and Cross-culturally Generalizable Implicit Leadership Theories

T2 - Are Attributes of Charismatic/transformational Leadership Universally Endorsed?

AU - Den Hartog, Deanne N.

AU - House, Robert J.

AU - Hanges, Paul J.

AU - Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. Antonio

AU - Dorfman, Peter W.

AU - Adetoun, Babajide Samuel

AU - Abdalla, Ikhlas A.

AU - Aditya, Ram N.

AU - Agourram, Hafid

AU - Akande, Adebowale

AU - Akande, Bolanle Elizabeth

AU - Akerblom, Staffan

AU - Altschul, Carlos

AU - Alvarez-Backus, Eden

AU - Andrews, Julian

AU - Arias, Maria Eugenia

AU - Arif, Mirian Sofyan

AU - Ashkanasy, Neal M.

AU - Asllani, Arben

AU - Audia, Guiseppe

AU - Bakacsi, Gyula

AU - Bendova, Helena

AU - Beveridge, David

AU - Bhagat, Rabi S.

AU - Blacutt, Alejandro

AU - Bao, Jiming

AU - Bodega, Domenico

AU - Bodur, Muzaffer

AU - Booth, Simon

AU - Booysen, Annie E.

AU - Bourantas, Dimitrios

AU - Brenk, Klas

AU - Brodbeck, Felix

AU - Carl, Dale Everton

AU - Castel, Philippe

AU - Chang, Chieh-Chen

AU - Chau, Sandy

AU - Cheung, Frenda

AU - Chhokar, Jagdeep S.

AU - Chiu, Jimmy

AU - Cosgriff, Peter

AU - Dastmalchian, Ali

AU - Dela Coleta, Jose Augusto

AU - Dela Coleta, Marilia Ferreira

AU - Deneire, Marc

AU - Dickson, Markus

AU - Donnelly-Cox, Gemma

AU - Earley, Christopher

AU - Elgamal, Mahmoud A.E.

AU - Erez, Miriam

AU - Falkus, Sarah

AU - Fearing, Mark

AU - Field, Richard H. G.

AU - Fimmen, Carol

AU - Frese, Michael

AU - Fu, Pingping

AU - Gorsler, Barbara

AU - Gratchev, Mikhail V.

AU - Gupta, Vipin

AU - Gutierrez, Celia

AU - Hartanto, Frans Marti

AU - Hauser, Markus

AU - Holmberg, Ingalill

AU - Holtzer, Marina

AU - Hoppe, Michael

AU - Howell, Jon P.

AU - Ibrieva, Elena

AU - Ickis, John C.

AU - Ismail, Zakaria

AU - Jarmuz, Slawomir

AU - Javidan, Mansour

AU - Jesuino, Jorge Correia

AU - Ji, Li

AU - Jone, Kuen-Yung

AU - Jones, Geoffrey

AU - Jorbenadse, Revaz

AU - Kabasakal, Hayat

AU - Keating, Mary

AU - Keller, Andrea

AU - Kennedy, Jeffrey C.

AU - Kim, Jay S.

AU - Kipiani, Giorgi

AU - Kipping, Matthias

AU - Konrad, Edvard

AU - Koopman, Paul L.

AU - Kuan, Fuh-Yeong

AU - Kurc, Alexandre

AU - Lacassagne, Marie-Francoise

AU - Lee, Sang M.

AU - Leeds, Christopher

AU - Leguizamon, Francisco

AU - Lindell, Martin

AU - Lobell, Jean

AU - Luthans, Fred

AU - Maczynski, Jerzy

AU - Mansor, Norma

AU - Martin, Gillian

AU - Martin, Michael

AU - Martinez, Sandra M.

AU - Messallam, Aly

AU - McMillen, Cecilia

AU - Misumi, Emiko

AU - Misumi, Juji

AU - al-Homoud, Moudi

AU - Ngin, Phyllisis M.

AU - O'Connell, Jeremiah

AU - Ogliastri, Enrique

AU - Papalexandris, Nancy

AU - Peng, T. K.

AU - Preziosa, Maria Marta

AU - Prieto, Jose M.

AU - Rakitsky, Boris

AU - Reber, Gerhard

AU - Rogovsky, Nikolai

AU - Roy-Bhattacharya, Joydeep

AU - Rozen, Amir

AU - Sabadin, Argio

AU - Sahaba, Majhoub

AU - Salom de Bustamante, Colombia

AU - Santana-Melgoza, Carmen

AU - Sauers, Daniel Alan

AU - Schramm-Nielsen, Jette

AU - Schultz, Majken

AU - Shi, Zuqi

AU - Sigfrids, Camilla

AU - Song, Kye-Chung

AU - Szabo, Erna

AU - Teo, Albert C.

AU - Thierry, Henk

AU - Tjakranegara, Jann Hidayat

AU - Trimi, Sylvana

AU - Tsui, Anne S.

AU - Ubolwanna, Pavakanum

AU - van Wyk, Marius W.

AU - Vondrysova, Marie

AU - Weibler, Jürgen

AU - Wilderom, Celeste

AU - Wu, Rongxian

AU - Wunderer, Rolf

AU - Yakob, Nik Rahiman Nik

AU - Yang, Yongkang

AU - Yin, Zuoqiu

AU - Yoshida, Michio

AU - Zhou, Jian

N1 - Opstilling: 434 cul Løbe nr.: 003942

PY - 1999

Y1 - 1999

N2 - This study focuses on culturally endorsed implicit theories of leadership (CLTs). Although cross-cultural research emphasizes that different cultural groups likely have different conceptions of what leadership should entail, a controversial position is argued here: namely that attributes associated with charismatic/transformational leadership will be universally endorsed as contributing to outstanding leadership. This hypothesis was tested in 62 cultures as part of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Research Program. Universally endorsed leader attributes, as well as attributes that are universally seen as impediments to outstanding leadership and culturally contingent attributes are presented here. The results support the hypothesis that specific aspects of charismatic/transformational leadership are strongly and universally endorsed across cultures.

AB - This study focuses on culturally endorsed implicit theories of leadership (CLTs). Although cross-cultural research emphasizes that different cultural groups likely have different conceptions of what leadership should entail, a controversial position is argued here: namely that attributes associated with charismatic/transformational leadership will be universally endorsed as contributing to outstanding leadership. This hypothesis was tested in 62 cultures as part of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Research Program. Universally endorsed leader attributes, as well as attributes that are universally seen as impediments to outstanding leadership and culturally contingent attributes are presented here. The results support the hypothesis that specific aspects of charismatic/transformational leadership are strongly and universally endorsed across cultures.

KW - Interkulturel ledelse

KW - Europa

KW - Kulturforskelle

U2 - 10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1

DO - 10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00018-1

M3 - Journal article

SN - 1048-9843

VL - 10

SP - 219

EP - 256

JO - Leadership Quarterly

JF - Leadership Quarterly

IS - 2

ER -